Grammar of Written Mongolian by Nicholas POPPE
Index

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a	b	c	d	e	f	g	g	h	i
j	k	l	m	n	o	ö	p	q	r
s	t	u	ü	v	w	x	y	z

a (vowel) 17
a (letter) 61
a- (verb) 571
-a (adverbs) 206
-a (dative-locative) 285, 287
Ablativus:
actoria 527;
causae 525;
comparationis 525;
compensationis 528;
elativus 525;
exclusivus 525;
partitivus 525;
separativus 526;
temporis 526;
verbi 529

-aca 290
-aca-ban 312
-acagan 313
Accent 15
Accusative 659
governed by factitive verbs 614
with a verbal noun 649
Accusativus
actoris 517
cum nomine verbali 514, 679
relativus 515
objecti 513
praedicati 516
Action
of nominal constructions 641
simultaneous with the action of the finite verb 578, 579
Active sentences 451
Active verbal nouns 451
Active voice 602, 603, 605
Actor 404
in converbal constructions 659
in nominal constructios 641
Adjectives 106
Adverbs 106
as postpositions 219
Agglutination 103
Agreement
of the attribute 542 to 547
of the attribute and the word qualified 454
of the attribute in number 543-546
of the predicate and the subject 444
of verbal nouns 551
aga 26
agu 26
-ai (genitive) 284
-ai-dur 299
Altaic 14
Ancient Mongolian 2
Animal cycle 398
anu 441, 497
-asa 291
Attribute:
case of the a. 454, 455, 475, 476
place of the a. in the sentence 453
au 30, 31

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b:
consonant 37
letter 69
-b (on adverbs) 218
ba (particle) 192
ba (conjunction) 431, 432
-ba (past tense) 350, 588, 589
-baci 371
-bacu 371, 668, 693
-bai 350, 588
-bala 368
-balja- 238
-ban (reflexive-possessive) 307-317
as genitive ending 306
as accusative ending 311
-bar 293
-bar-iyan 314
-basu 366
-basu ber 367
-ba-uu 350
bayi- 572
Bayit 12
-bci 108
Benedictive 594
ber 192, 441, 498, 665
-bir 109
birga 86
bisi 628
bitegei 600, 640
-bki 110
bol- 571
bolai 553, 571
bolbasu 441, 499
bolun 433
-btur 111
Buddhism 6
bui 553, 571, 625
bui j-a 695
-bur 112
-buri 141
Buriat 4, 11
busu 628
buu 600, 640
-buu 350
Buzawa 12
büged 433
bügesü 441, 499
bülüge 553, 571

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c (consonant) 42, 57
-ca (deverbal noun) 142
-ca (ablative) 291
-caga- 234
-car (denominal noun) 113
-car (adverb) 207
Cardinal numerals 194; as distributive 402
Case: of the nominal predicate 445; orthography of the suffixes 88
ceg 86
Chakhar 4, 11
Chipchin 11
-ci (denominal noun) 114; plural of such nouns 269
-ci- 263
-cigina- 256
-cila- 240
Classical Mongolian 5, 6
Comitative: with postpositions 539, 541
Compound words 419
Conjunctiona 106, 430
Consonants (classification) 35
Constructio ad sensum 546
Converbal predicate 443
Converbs:
genuine 365, 375
pseudoconverbs 365, 366
as adverbs 416
as conjunctions 416
as part of an attribute 452
as postpositions 416
as predicates of incomplete sentences 577ff.
with a copula 413, 571
Converbum :
abtemporale 414, 658
concessivum 414
conditionale 414
conditionale with ber 885
conditionale with ele 664
contemporale 414, 858
finale 658
imperfecti 413, 415, 443, 572, 576, 656
imperfecti with bol- 673
imperfecti with verbal nouns 415
modale 413, 443, 676, 579, 656
modale with bayi- 575
modale with bui 575
modale with verbal nouns 413, 415
perfecti 413, 574, 658
perfecti with verbal nouns 416
praeparativiun 658, 674
terminale 414,658
Co-operative verbs 617
Copula 552, 553, 554, 620, 625; with an interrogative particle 621
Correspondences: groups aga and agu in Colloquial 102; group iya in Colloquial 102; vowel e in Colloquial 102; vowel i in Colloquial 102
cu 192, 668
-cu (denomianal nouna) 115
-cu (converbum imperfecti) 372
-cud 276
-cugu 353
-cuqui 352

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d (consonant) 41; (letter) 73
-d (plural) 265, 266, 267, 268, 269; as a plural form of the modal converb (in pro-classical language) 373, 413; the same with the particle je 373, 413
-d- (denominal verb) 241
-da (adverb) 208
-da- (denominal verb) 242
-da- (passive verb) 231
dabqur ceg 86
-daca 300
Dagur 13
-daq 358
-dagan 309
-daki 116
-dal 143
Dambi-ölet 12
Darkhat 12
-dasun 144
Dative-Locative: governed by factitive verbs 614
Dativus :
activus 507
actoria 507, 604, 645
commodi 505
finalis 506
incommodi 505
temporis 508
terminalis 506
translativus 506
Days : names of 398
Decades 398
deger-e-ben 417
Demonstrative pronouns : stems of 189; declension of 323
Denominal nouns 108ff.
dergede inu 417
Descriptive verbs 576
Deverbal nouns 141ff.
Diphthongs 29-31; spelling 92-94; with i 29
Direct cbject 447; with factitive verbs 612, 613
Distributive numerals 402
dörbeljin ceg 86
Dörbet 12
-dqun 334
-du (denominal noun) 117
-du (nouns derived from adverbs) 183
-du (dative-locative) 286
Dubitative 599
-dugar 197
-dun 145
-dur 285
-dur-iyan 308
Dzakhachin 12

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e (vowel) 20; (letter) 62
Eastern Mongolian 4, 11
ege (group) 26
egü (group) 26
ele 664, 698
Equal members of sentence 428, 429, 434, 435
ese 638
esebe 638
esebecü 638
eaebesü 638
esegsen 638
esekü 638
eseküle 638
eü (diphthong) 30, 31

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Factitive verbs 609ff.
Feminine forms 457
Fractions 501

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g: consonant 52, 56; letter 76
gemen 673, 674, 675, 680
Gender 547
Genera verbi 222
Genitive 659; double genitive-dative 511
Genitivus:
activua or actoris 605, 644
appositivus 501
attributivus 501
objectivua 501
partitivus 501
possessivus 501
qualitatia 501
subjectivua 501
superlativi 501
-gi- 257
-gina- 258
go (ayllable) 77
Grammatical termination: at a group of equal members of a sentence 450
gu (syllable) 77

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g (consonant) 50, 56; (letter) 68
-g 146
-ga (adverbs) 209
-ga (nomen imperfecti) 362
-ga- (factitive verbs) 224, 225
-gaci 147, 269
-gad (distributive numerals) 200
-gad (converbum perfecti) 374
-gai (deverbal nouns) 148
-gai (nomen imperfecti) 363
-gali 118
-galja- 238
-gan (deverbal nouns) 149
-gana 119
-gar (nouns) 150
-gar (adverbs) 210
-garai 336
-gasai 341
-gasu 369
-gasun 151
-gci 269, 356
-ggid 356
-gcin (feminine form) 120
-gcin (plural of forma in -gci, see also -gcid) 356
-gda- (passive verbs) 230
-gsagar 376, 658
-gsan 364
-gsi 211
-gtai 121
-gtun 333
-gtui 333, 335
-gu 152
-gud (plural) 274
-gui 122
-gujai 342
-gul 153
-gul- (factitive verbs) 226
-gula(n) 199
-guli 156
-gun 154
-gur (deverbal nouna) 155
-gur (adverba) 212
-guri 156

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h 54
hP'ags-pa script 3, 9

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i: vowel 23; letter 63
-i (accusative) 288
-i (genitive) 284
-i (nomen praesentis) 357
-i-ban 310
Imperative 592, 593, 600; as a predicate 443; of the third person 595
Indefinite pronouns: (stems) 192; declension 326
Indicative forms: as predicates 443; with conjunctions 437
Indirect object 447
Instrumentalis:
actoris 532
causae atque propositi 532
compensationis 537
cum nomine 532
formae 532
instructivus 532
instrumenti 532
itineris 532
matoriae 532
mensurae 536
modi 535
sociatiws 533
temporis 534
Interjections 106
Interrogative pronouns: stems 190; declension 325; in nominal constructions 643
Interrogative sentences: generally interrogative 619; partly interrogative 619
Interrogative words 624
Intransitive verbs 447, 612; reciprocal verbs 615
inu 441, 497
iya (group) 25
-iyan: accusative 311; genitive 306
-iyar 294
-iyar-iyan 314
iye (group) 25

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j (consonant) 43, 57; (letter) 75
-ja 158
-ji (past tense) 354
-ji (converbum imperfecti) 372
-ji- (denominal verbs) 243
-jigai 353
-jin 125
-jira- 244
-ju 372
-jugui 353
-juqui 352, 591
Juxtaposed nouns 419

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k: consonant 51, 56; letter 76; in foreign words 78
Kalmuk 4, 12
kemerc 673, 675, 677, 680
Khalkha 4, 11
Kharchin 4, 11
Khotogoitu 11
Khuchin Bargu 11
-ki (nouns derived from adverbs) 184
kiged 432
-kira- 259
ko (syllable) 77
Korean 14
ku (syllable) 77

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l (consonant) 46
-l 159
-l- (verbs derived from adverbs) 254
-l- (factitive verbs) 227
-l- (iterative vorbs) 236
-la (comitative) 295
-la (past tense) 351
-la- (denominal verbs) 245; -la- < -ra (denominal verbs) 246
-laga 351
-lagan 316
-lai 351
-lang 126, 160
-lar 302
-la-uu 351
-lca- 233
-ldu- 232
-lga 161
-lga- (factitive verbs) 228
-li 162
-lig 127
-lja- 239
-ljin 128
Locativus:
adessivus 509
allativus-illativus 509
inessivus 509
-lta 163
-luga (comitative) 295
-luga (past tense) 351, 590
-lug-a-ban 315
-lug-a-bar 301
-lugai 351
-lun 129
-luu 351

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m: consonant 39; letter 74
-m (deverbal nouns) 164
-m (present tense) 346
-ma 165
-mad 129a, 263
-mag: denominal noun 130; deverbal noun 166
-magai 167
-magca 377, 662
-mal 168
Manchu-Tungus 14
-mar 169
Masculine forms 457
Member of a sentence : enlarged 641
-mi 170
Middle Mongolian 3
Mingat 12
-mji 171
Modern Mongolian 4; Written Mongolian 7
Moghol 13
Monguor 13
Months: names of 398
-msar 172
-msar ügei 172
-msig 173
-msigtai 173
-msug 131
-mqai 167
-mta 174
-mu 346
-mui 345, 585
-mui j-a 695
Mutual actions 615
-muu 345

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n (letter) 66
-n (converbum modale) 373
-n (plural) 270, 271, 272
-n (deverbal noun) 175
-na (adverbs) 213
-nad 262
-nai 348
-nam 347, 585
-nar 261
-ncar 132
ng (consonant) 53
-ng 176
-nggui: denominal nouns 133; deverbal nouns 177
Nomen actoris: with bol- 570
Nomen futuri 558-563
as a predicate 406
of passive verbs 607
with the copula bui 562
with the copula bülüge 561
with the copula bol- 560
with bui j-a 559
with the copula amui or bayimui 557
with the negative ügei 563
Nomen imperfecti: with ügei 564
Nomen perfecti
as a predicate 406
with ügei 566
with the copula ajugu 567
with a copula 565
Nomen usus: with a copula 568; with ügei 569
Nomina opiae 532; n. inopiae 532
Nominal predicate 443; with a copula 556; with the copula omitted 556
Nominative 439, 659
Nouns 106
as attributes 452
as postpositions 219
as predicates 443
as subjects 439
-nugud 275
Numerals 106; as attributes 452; as conjunctions 429; as subjects 439; as predicates 442

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o: vowel 18, 33; short; o (spelling) 90; letter 64
Object: governed by a noun 446; governed by a verb 446; place of 448; with postpositions 446
Oirat 4, 12; alphabet 8
Omission of the copula 443
Optative 596, 600; of the first person 597; of all persons 598; as a predicate 443
Order of objects depending upon the same word 448, 449
Ordinal numerals 197
Ordos 4, 11

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ö: vowel 21, 33; letter 65

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p: consonant 36, 57; letter 70
Participle: in English 404
Particles 106
Parts of speech 106
Passive 604-608; passive sentences 451; passive verbal nouns 451
Passivum : necessitatis 607
Personal endings 440
Personal pronouns: declension 320; stems 186
Possessive pronouns: stems 188
Postpositions 106
governing oblique cases 417, 418
governing the ablative 530
governing the dative 510
governing the genitive 417, 503
governing the comitative 539
governing the stem 418
with the genitive of personal pronouns 417
Pre-classical Mongolian 5
Predicative genitive 502
Process: of an action 404
Pronouns 106
as attributes 452
as predicates 442
as subjects 439
reflexive-possessive declension of pronouns 327-330

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q: consonant 49, 56, 57; letter 67
-qai 123; on pronouns 188
-qan: diminutive nouns 124; diminutive numerals 203
-qu 359
-qui 360
-qula 378, 666
-qulang 157
-qun 361

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r (consonant) 47
-r 178
-ra (adverbs) 214
-r-a (converbum finale) 379, 658, 669, 670
-ra- (denominal verbs) 246
-ra- (middle verbs) 237
-ra- (verbs of adverbial origin) 255
Reduplication of the first syllable 218
Reflexive-possessive Suffix 650
Reflexive pronouns : stems 191
-ri 179
-rqa- 247
-rqag 134
-ru 215
-r-un 380, 658

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s: consonant 44; letter 71
-s (plural) 264
saca 581
-sag 135
-sar 136
Sartul 11
Script: origin 1
-su 338
Subject: designators 441; of a passive verb 604; place in a sentence 440
Substantives 106
Suffixes 103; vocalic harmony 104
Suffixless oblique case 518
as a direct object 519
as indication of a place 523
as casus temporis 520
with a verbal noun 521
suffixless form of the predicate 522
-sugai 338
-sun: denominal nouns 137, 267; deverbal nouns 180


š: consonant 45, 57; letter 72
-si (adverbs) 216
-si (nouns) 181
-si- (verbs) 248
-si ügei 182
-siya- 249

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t: consonant 40, 57; lettor 73
-ta (adverbs) 217
-ta (multiplicative numerals) 201
-ta- (denominal verbs) 250
-ta- (passive verbs) 231
-taca 300
-tagan 309
-tagar 197
-tai (nouns) 138
-tai (comitative) 296
-tai-aca 303
-tai-bar 303
-tai-dur 303
-tai-yi 303
-tai-yin 303
-tala 375, 658
-tan 139
-tayigan 317
-tayigar 303
Tibetan: numerals 195
Torgut 12
Transitive verbs 447, 610; reciprocal tr. verbs 616
Tsongol 11
-tu (nouns) 140
-tu (dative-locative) 286
-tu- (denominal verbs) 250
-tugai 337
-tugar 197
Tumut 11
-tur 285
-tur-iyan 308
Turkic 14

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u: vowel 19; letter 64
-u 282
ua (diphthong) 30
-u-ban 307
-ud 273
-un 283
-un-iyan 307
Urat 4, 11
Urdus 11
Uriankha 12
uu (interrogative particle) 622, 628

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ü: vowel 22; letter 65
ügei 631; on nouns 632, 633; on verbal nouns 634; on pairs of words 635

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v (consonant) 38
Verba: cogitandi 676; dicendi 676; sentiendi 676
Verbal forms: as postpositions 219
Verbal-nominal constructions: as subjects 439
Verbal nouns:
as active 411
as passive 411
as attributes 408, 452
as objects 407
as predicates 409, 443
as subjecta 407, 439
expressing the idea of the actor 407
with conjunctions 436
with converbs 410
Verbal predicate 443; of generally interrogative sentences 622
Verbs 106
Verbum finitum 443
Vocalic harmony 32-34, 99, 100
Vowels: back 16; front 16; long 24; long (spelling) 89; middle 16

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West Mongolian 4, 12




y: consonant 48; letter 76
-y-a 340
Years 398
-yi 288
-yi-ban 310
-yin 281
-yin-dur 299
-yin-iyan 307
-yu 349, 587
-yugan : accusative 311; genitive 305

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