Grammar of Written Mongolian by Nicholas POPPE
N° Poppe:
Index
Contents
I Introduction ↘
Origin of the Mongolian script (1-8)
The hP'ags-pa script (9)
ColloquialMongolian (10-14)
II Phonetics ↘
Accent (15)
Vowels ↘
Description of the Vowels (16-23)
Long Vowels (24-28)
Diphthongs (29-31)
Vovalic Harmony (32 -34)
Consonant ↘
Description of the consonants (35-54)
Summarizing Remarks on the Consonants (55-57)
III Script ↘
Letters (58-78)
Palaeographic remarks (79-82)
Transcription of the Tibetan and Sanskrit ↘
Transcription of Tibetan Letters (83-84)
transcription of Sanskrit Letters (85)
Punctuation (86)
Orthography
General Rules (87-88)
Long and Short Vowels (89-90)
Omission of Vowels (91)
Diphthongs (92-94)
Consonants (95--97)
Reading rules (98-101)
Colloquial pronunciation of written Mongolian (102)
IV Derivation ↘
General remarks (103-105)
Parts of speech (106)
Nouns ↘
General Remarks (107)
DenominalNouns (108-140)
Deverbal Nouns (141-182)
Nouns derived from Adverbs (183-184)
Pronouns ↘
General Remarks (185)
Personalpronouns ( 186-187)
Possessive Pronouns (188)
Demonstrative Pronouns (189)
Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs (190)
Reflexive Pronouns (191)
Indefinite Pronouns (192)
Numerals ↘
General Remarks (193)
Cardinal Numerals (194 196)
Ordinal Numerals (197 198)
Collective Numerals (199)
Distributive Numerals (200)
Multiplicative numerals (201- 202)
Diminutive numerals (203)
Numerical Words (204)
Adverbs ↘
General remarks (205)
suffix
-a/-e
(206)
suffix
-car/-cer
(207)
suffix
-da/-de
(208)
suffix
-γa/ge
(209)
suffix
-γar/ger
(210)
suffix
-γsi/-gsi
(211)
suffix
-γur/-gür
(212)
suffix
-na/-ne
(213)
suffix
-ra/-re
(214)
suffix
-ru/-rü
(215)
suffix
-si
(216)
suffix
-ta/-te
(217)
Adverbs ending in -b (218)
Postpositions ↘
General Remarks (219)
Verbs ↘
Genereal remarks (220)
Deverbal verbs (221)
First group (Genera) ↘
Genera (222)
Factitive and transitive verbs (223-228)
Passive verbs (229-231)
Reciprocal verbs (232)
Co-operative verbs (233)
Plural verbs (234)
Series of suffixes (235)
Second group ↘
Iterative verbs (236)
Middle verbs (verba media) (237)
Durative verbs (238-239)
Denominal verbs (240-250)
Verbs of pronominal origin ↘
Demonstrative verbs (251)
Interrogative verbs (252)
Verbs of adverbial origin (253-255)
Verbs derived from interjections (256-259)
V Accidence ↘
Noun ↘
Plural (260-277)
Declension ↘
General remarks (278)
Simple declension of the noun ↘
Nominative (280)
Genitive (281-284)
Dative-locative (285-287)
Accusative (288-289)
Ablative (290-292)
Instrumental (293-294)
Comitative (295-296)
Examples of declension (297)
Double declension of the noun ↘
Double declension (298)
Genitive-dative-locative (299)
Dative-locative-ablative (300)
Comitative-instrumental (301-302)
Furhter declension of the comitative (303)
Reflexive-possessive declension of the noun ↘
General remarks (304)
Genitive (305-307)
Dative-locative (308-309)
Accusative (310-311)
Ablative (312-313)
Instrumental (314)
Comitative (315-317)
Examples of declension (318)
Simple declension of the pronoun ↘
General remarks (319)
Personal pronouns (320-322)
Demonstrative pronouns (323-324)
Interrogative pronouns (325)
Indefinite pronouns (326)
Reflexive-possessive declension of the pronoun ↘
General remarks (327)
Personal pronouns (328)
Demonstrative pronouns (329)
Reflexive pronouns (330)
Verb ↘
General remarks (331)
Imperative and optative forms ↘
Imperative (332-335)
Prescriptive (336)
Imperative of the third person (337)
Voluntative (338-340)
Optative (341)
Dubitative (342)
Indicative forms ↘
General remarks (343)
Present tense (344-349)
Past tense (350-354)
Verbal nouns ↘
General remarks (355)
Nomen actoris (356)
Nomen praesentis (357)
Nomen usus (358)
Nomen futuri (359-361)
Nomen imperfecti (362-363)
Nomen perfecti (364)
Converbs ↘
General remarks (365)
Pseudo-converbs ↘
Converbum conditionale (366-369)
Converbum concessivum (370-371)
Converbum imperfecti (372)
Converbum modale (373)
Converbum perfecti (374)
Genuine converbs ↘
Converbum terminal (375)
Converbum abtemporale (376)
Converbum contemporale (377)
Converbum successivum (378)
Converbum finale (379)
Converbum praeparativum (380)
Example of conjugation (381)
Auxilary verbs ↘
Auxilary verbs (382)
Verb
a-
(383)
Verb
bü-
(384)
Verb
bol-
(385)
Verb
bui
(386)
VI Syntax ↘
Syntactical pecularities of some forms and constructions ↘
Substantives and adjectives (387-391)
Grammatical number ↘
Singular (392)
Plural (393)
Reflexive possessive suffix (394-396)
Grammatical number ↘
General remarks (397)
Dates (398)
Numerals as conjonctions (399)
Duplication (400-403)
Verbal nouns (404-411)
Converbs (412-416)
Postpositions (417-418)
Juxtaposed nominal groups ↘
General remarks (419)
Compound nouns ↘
Numerals (420-425)
Compound nouns (426-427)
Juxtaposed equal members of a sentence (428-437)
The sentence ↘
Members of a sentence (438)
Subject (439-441)
Predicate (442-445)
Object (446-451
Attribute ↘
General remarks (452-455)
Nominative as attribute ↘
Noun as attribute (456-459)
Pronoun as attribute (460-461)
Numeral as attribute (462)
Verbal noun as attribute (463)
Compound nominal attribute (464-466)
Diminutive as attribute (467-438)
Apposition (469-471)
Permanent attribute (472-473)
Interrogative pronoun as part of an attribute (474)
Genitive as attribute (475-476)
Several attribute of the same word (477-486)
Adverbs (487-491)
General remarks (452-455)
Isolated words ↘
General remarks (492)
Direct address (493)
Interjection (494)
The cases ↘
Nominative ↘
Subject designator (495-496)
Pronouns
inu
and
anu
(497)
Particle
ber
(498)
Converbs
bolbasu
and
bügesü
(499)
Genitive ↘
General remarks (500)
Attributive genitive (501)
Predicative genitive (502)
Genitive with postpositions (503)
Dative Locative ↘
General remarks (504)
Dativus commodi atque incommodi (505)
Dativus finalis (506)
Dativus actoris (507)
Dativus temporalis (508)
Locativus (509)
Dativus cum postpositione (510)
Genitive Dative (511)
Accusative ↘
General remarks (512)
Accusativus objecti (513)
Accusativus cum nomile verbali (514)
Accusativus relativus (515)
Accusativus praedicati (516)
Accusativus actoris (517)
Suffixeless oblique case ↘
General remarks (518)
As a direct complement (519)
As temporal (520)
With a verbal noun (521)
Suffisless form of the predicate (522)
As indication of place (523)
Ablative ↘
General remarks (524)
Ablativus separativus (525)
Ablativus temporis (526)
Ablativus actoris (527)
Ablativus compensationis (528)
Ablativus verbi (529)
Postpositions governing the ablative (530)
Instrumental ↘
General remarks (531)
Instrumentalis instructivus (532)
Instrumentalis sociativus (533)
Instrumentalis temporis (534)
Instrumentalis modi (535)
Instrumentalis mensurae (536)
Instrumentalis compensationis (537)
Comitative (538-539)
Comitative-instrumental (540-541)
Agreement ↘
Agreement on the attribute (542-547)
Apposition (548-549)
Predicate (550-551)
The nominal and converbal predicate ↘
General remarks on the copula (552)
Simple copula (553)
Compound copula (554)
Descriptive verbs (555)
Nominal predicate (556)
Verbal nominal predicate ↘
General remarks (557)
Nomen futuri (558-564)
Nomen imperfecti (565)
Nomen perfecti (566-567)
Nomen usus (568-569)
Nomen actoris (570)
Converbal predicate ↘
General remarks (571)
Converb with auxiliary verbs ↘
Converbum inperfecti (572-573)
Comverbum perfecti (574)
Converbum modale (575)
Comverb with descriptive verbs (576)
The predicate of incomplete sentences ↘
General remarks (577)
Converbum imperfecti (578)
Converbum modale (579)
Converbum perfecti (580-581)
The verbal predicate ↘
General remarks (582)
Indicative form (583-584)
Present (585-587)
Past (588-591)
Imperative forms (592-595)
Optative (596-600)
Genera verbi ↘
General remarks (601)
Active voice (602-603)
Passive voice (604-608)
Factitive verb (609-614)
Reciprocal verb (615-616)
Co-operative verb (617)
Accumulation of voice suffixes (618)
Interrogative sentences ↘
General remarks (619)
Sentences generally interrogative ↘
Nominal predicate (621)
Verbal predicate (622)
Converbal predicate (623)
Sentences with interrogative words ↘
General remarks (624)
Nominal predicate (625)
Verbal predicate (626)
Converbal predicate (627)
Rhetorical interrogation (628)
Disjunctive interrogative sentences (629-630)
Negatives ↘
General remarks (631)
The neative
ügei
(632-635)
The neative
busu
(636)
The neative
ese
( 637-638)
The neative
ülü
(639)
The prohibitive particles (640)
Nominal constructions ↘
General remarks (641)
Nominal construction as subject (642-643)
Nominal construction as attribute (644-645)
Nominal construction as object ↘
General remarks (646)
nominal constructions in the genitive (647)
nominal constructions in the accusative (648-650)
nominal constructions in the dative-locative (651)
nominal constructions in the ablative (652)
nominal constructions in the instrumental (653)
nominal constructions in the comitative (654)
Order of nominal construction (655)
Converbal constructions ↘
General remarks (656-657)
Historical survey of some forms (658-659)
Converbum terminale (660)
Converbum abtemporale (661)
Converbum contemporale (662)
Converbum conditionale (663)
Converbum successivum (666)
Converbum concessivum (667-668)
Converbum finale (669)
Converbum preparativum (671)
Direct and indirect discourse (673-680)
Particles ↘
General remarks (681)
The particle
ber
(682-687)
The particle
cu
(688-694)
The particle
j-a
(695)
The particle
kü
(696)
The particle
a
(697)
The particle
ele
(698-699)
The particle
da
(700)